USPTO Considering Changes to Enforceability of Patents Subject to a Terminal Disclaimer
On 10 May 2024, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking aimed at changing the current practices surrounding terminal disclaimers. The proposed change could have substantial effects on the enforceability of patents that are subject to a terminal disclaimer.
Legal Background
At a basic level, a terminal disclaimer ties two patents together such that the enforcement period of the second patent does not extend beyond the enforcement period of the first patent. The USPTO often requires a terminal disclaimer if at least one of the claims of the second patent is an obvious variant of the first patent, a condition referred to as “nonstatutory (obviousness-type) double patenting.” Under current rules, if the first patent is found to be invalid, there is no direct effect on the second patent that is subject to the terminal disclaimer.
Proposed Rule Change
The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking takes the position that terminal disclaimers generally stifle competition and can lead to infringement actions involving far too many patents aimed at essentially the same invention.1 The USPTO is therefore considering revising the current rules so that a patent subject to a terminal disclaimer is no longer enforceable if:
- A final, nonappealable decision has been made by a federal court or the USPTO that any one claim in the first patent is invalid under 35 U.S.C. § 102 or § 103; or
- A statutory disclaimer of a claim is filed for the first patent after any challenge to that claim under 35 U.S.C. § 102 or § 103 has been made.2
The proposed rule change would make it easier for a defendant in a civil action to invalidate multiple closely related patents being simultaneously asserted against it.
The USPTO has noted that those opposed to changes in terminal disclaimer practice raised the following: “validity is determined on a claim-by-claim basis; claims are presumed valid under 35 U.S.C. § 282; the fact that prior art invalidates a claim in one of two patents tied together by a terminal disclaimer does not necessarily mean that the same prior art would invalidate a claim in the other patent; and/or these changes raise questions of due process and fairness.”3 The USPTO also noted that certain commenters questioned the USPTO’s authority to make changes in terminal disclaimer practice,4 but the USPTO countered that “[a] rule requiring that terminal disclaimers filed to obviate nonstatutory double patenting include language placing conditions upon enforcement was previously upheld as within the USPTO’s rulemaking authority. See In re Van Ornum, 686 F.2d 937 (CCPA 1982).”5
Looking Forward
The proposed rulemaking is currently open to public comments until 9 July 2024. Those interested in submitting comments can do so at the following link: https://www.regulations.gov/document/PTO-P-2024-0003-0001.
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